Actual Efficiency (η)
62.5%
η = W / QH
Carnot Max Efficiency
62.5%
ηmax = 1 − TC/TH
Work Output (W)
625 J
Mechanical Output
Entropy Generation
0.000 J/K
ΔStotal per cycle
🏭 HEAT ENGINE & FLYWHEEL ANIMATION
➡️ ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM (QH = QC + W)
📈 TEMPERATURE–ENTROPY (T–S) DIAGRAM
📊 ENTROPY MONITOR (ΔShot + ΔScold)
Recorded Experimental Trials
| Trial | Mode | TH (K) | TC (K) | QH (J) | QC (J) | W (J) | ηactual | ηCarnot | ΔSgen (J/K) |
|---|
🔥 Kelvin-Planck Statement
It is impossible for any device that operates on a thermodynamic cycle to receive heat from a single thermal reservoir and deliver a net amount of work to its surroundings.
Wnet ≤ QH (1 − TC / TH)
❄️ Clausius Statement
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-temperature body without work input.
Heat flows naturally: Hot → Cold
🌀 Entropy & Irreversibility
For any process, the total entropy change of the universe must be non-negative. In reversible processes ΔStotal = 0, while in real irreversible processes friction and heat losses cause ΔStotal > 0.
ΔSgen = −QH/TH + QC/TC ≥ 0
🚀 Real-World Applications
Steam Turbines (Rankine cycle), Gas Turbines (Brayton cycle), Internal Combustion Engines (Otto/Diesel cycle), HVAC & Heat Pumps, Cryogenic Cooling, and Thermal Power Stations.
Max Limit = Carnot Efficiency